This course deals with the study of a historical overview of the development of plant sciences, methods of nutrition in plants, methods of reproduction, plant nomenclature, systems for dividing and classifying groups of plants, prokaryotes, their general characteristics, and groups followed by bacteria. ((Mycoplasma and Rickettsia)) Eukaryotes, their general characteristics and importance, and their different groups, fungi: their general characteristics, importance and different groups, lichens, root fungi, viruses, viroids: their general characteristics and importance, ferns: their characteristics, methods of reproduction and typical examples.

The general microbiology course describes the diversity of microorganisms, the structure and function of bacterial cells, and also describes microbial growth and metabolism. Methods of controlling the growth of microorganisms by physical and chemical means are also addressed. This course also describes the basic genetic systems of bacteria, bacteriophages, and plasmids. During this course, the student will learn the role of microorganisms in food production and preservation, and their ability to cause food borne infections. This course also aims to teach students how to use beneficial microorganisms in agricultural, industrial and environmental applications.

This course is essential in the vegetable study section. The student will recognize number of elements: Nutritional - economic importance of vegetable crops, types of vegetable farms - methods of preserving vegetables, conditions necessary for the success of vegetable cultivation, division of vegetable crops - agricultural cycle and its importance, weather factors and their effect on vegetables - Salinity, effect of soil, soil types, relationship of soil and water to plants, fertilization -- Nutrients and their effect on vegetables Fertilization methods - Irrigation - methods of propagation - sex - and vegetative - methods of harvesting and handling, and finally, study number of vegetable crops

The student studies during this semester; Economic importance of nematodes, losses resulting from nematodes, evaluation of cultivars grown in the field, diagnosis of plant diseases caused by nematodes, some diseases caused by nematodes, mechanism of disease occurrence, compound disease, Nematode control

The practical microbiology course is concerned with introducing the student to the laboratory devices and equipment used in the microbiology laboratory, and how to use a light microscope to observe microorganisms. During this course, the student will test sterilization methods in microbiological procedures, and how to isolate and grow bacteria and fungi on growth media. The student also learns how to diagnose the general morphological features of different microorganisms.

Definition of pathogens associated with field crops, use available methods, using scientific methods to prevent the crop from infection.

The student studies during this semester; Introduction and definition of nematodes, different groups of nematodes, study of the external form and internal structure of nematodes, methods of reproduction and feeding, life cycle of nematodes, environmental factors affecting the activity of nematodes, Taxonomy of nematodes, compound disease, Nematode control.

This course deals with the basic concepts of disease control, targets, theoretical foundations of control and practical procedures followed, the effect of control methods on population density of pathogens over time, disease control by agricultural, natural and biological methods. Chemical control: seed treatment, soil treatment, treatment of growing plants, post-harvest disease control. Integrated plant disease management

developing mental and practical information in the field of fungi and developing skill discussing scientific research on fungi, familiarity with the role of fungi in various disciplines, especially agricultural, knowledge of plant fungal pathogen, familiarity with practical methods for identifying plant pathogenic fungal species.

Taxonomy, insect description, life cycle, methods of infection, control of important insects that effect on olive trees, palm, citrus, grapes, stone fruits and vegetables in field.

Studying the emergence and development of bacteriology), the components of the bacterial cell, the importance of bacterial plant diseases, environmental conditions affecting the growth of pathogenic bacteria, physiological processes and disease cycle, techniques and methods used in the diagnosis and identification of bacteria, classification of prokaryotes and naming of Eu-, Actino- and Fastidious bacteria, Methods of survival and spread of plant pathogenic bacteria, methods of entry and growth of plant pathogenic bacteria in host tissues, chemicals and factors contributing to the occurrence of infection in the host, effect of pathogenic bacteria on plant functions, practical: a study of the most important bacterial diseases in Libya and methods of diagnosis and control.

The course explore the importance of insect taxonomy, Systematic methods and principles. The lectures addresses a number of specific topics including: the general principles of systematics, history of insect classification, construction and use of identification tools (the process of Taxonomy: specimen capture and preparation, cataloguing, digitizing and data publication), nomenclature, and the evolutionary history of the orders of hexapods.

Insect pests, their origin and found, distribution, factors that increase the pest, type of pests, methods that used to solve the problems caused by them, classification, description and life cycle of important pests of field crops and stored products. Primary and secondary pests affecting cereal grains, legumes, dates and their products in stores, as well as methods of identifying insect infestations in stored grain and its products, and methods of control used. (Laboratory projects) Practical: Field visits, collection and identification of important pests and their natural enemies; detection and estimation of infestation and losses in different crops.

During his studies, the student will learn about the introduction and history of plant diseases, the definition of disease, symptoms and signs. The influence of environmental factors on the spread of plant diseases. Parasitism, disease development, epidemiology and weather forecasts, examples of some common plant diseases in Libya, resistance to plant diseases, how to manage plant diseases within the integrated pest management program.

developing mental and practical information in the field of fungi and developing skill discussing scientific research on fungi, familiarity with the role of fungi in various disciplines, especially agricultural, knowledge of plant fungal pathogen, familiarity with practical methods for identifying plant pathogenic fungal species.

The aim of this course is to educate students on the economic importance of viruses to humans, science and to the ecosystem. The lectures will focus on various aspects of virus biology including: virus Characteristics, anatomy and physiology, life history, behavior, ecology and the taxonomy of all major viruses and the method of diagnosis, transition، and the method of control

The aim of this course is to educate students on the economic importance of insects to humans, science and to the ecosystem. The lectures will focus on various aspects of insect biology including: insect Characteristics, anatomy and physiology, life history, behavior, ecology and the taxonomy of all major insect orders

Studying the importance of diseases of horticultural crops, a review of principles of plant diseases, horticultural diseases: classification of their causes, disease cycle, methods of diagnosis of horticultural diseases, the role of survival and spread, methods of entry and growth of the pathogen on the host in the occurrence of symptoms and signs produced by pathogens on horticultural crops, the role of Pathogen materials and environmental factors contributing to the occurrence of infection and disease, its effect on the functions of horticultural crops, methods of controlling diseases of horticultural crops.

The course deals with the taxonomy of bee species, the internal and external anatomy of honey bee, morphological specialization and division of labor between members of the colony, the internal and external tasks of the worker, reproduction and the life cycle of honey bee, behavior, communication between members of the colony, swarming, migration, thermoregulation of the colony, and nutrition in Honey bee, diseases, pests, and predators of honey bee.